1. apidoc
2. documenting APIs
3. OpenAPI spec and generated reference docs

Swagger UI tutorial

Swagger UI provides a display framework that reads an OpenAPI specification document and generates an interactive documentation website. The following tutorial shows you how to integrate an OpenAPI specification document into Swagger UI.

For a more conceptual overview of OpenAPI and Swagger, see Introduction to the OpenAPI specification, or see this article I wrote for ISTC a few years ago: Implementing Swagger with API docs (PDF). For a step-by-step tutorial on creating an OpenAPI specification document, see the OpenAPI tutorial.

• Swagger UI overview
• Get familiar with Swagger UI through the Petstore demo
  • Authorize your requests
  • Make a request
  • Verify that your pet was created
• Some sample Swagger UI doc sites
• Activity: Create a Swagger UI display with an OpenAPI spec document
• Activity: View local OpenAPI file in Swagger UI
• Configuring Swagger UI parameters
• Challenges with Swagger UI
• Troubleshooting issues with Swagger UI
• Embedding Swagger UI within an existing site
• Key terms

Swagger UI overview

Swagger UI is one of the most popular tools for generating interactive documentation from your OpenAPI document. Swagger UI generates an interactive API console for users to quickly learn about your API and experiment with requests. Additionally, Swagger UI (which is an actively managed project with an Apache 2.0 license) supports the latest version of the OpenAPI spec (3.x) and integrates with other Swagger tooling.

For definitions of common terms, see Key terms at the end of this article.

Get familiar with Swagger UI through the Petstore demo

To get a better understanding of Swagger UI, let’s explore the Swagger Petstore example. In the Petstore example, the site is generated using Swagger UI.

The endpoints are grouped as follows:

• pet
• store
• user.

Authorize your requests

Before making any requests, you would normally authorize your session by clicking the Authorize button and completing the information required in the Authorization modal pictured below:

The Petstore example has an OAuth 2.0 security model. However, the authorization code is just for demonstration purposes. There isn’t any real logic authorizing those requests, so you can simply close the Authorization modal.

Make a request

Now let’s make a request:

1. Expand the POST Pet endpoint.

2. Click Try it out.

   

   After you click Try it out, the example value in the Request Body field becomes editable.

3. In the Example Value field, change the first id value to a random integer, such as 193844. Change the second name value to something you’d recognize (your pet’s name).

4. Click Execute.

   

   Swagger UI submits the request and shows the curl that was submitted. The Responses section shows the response. (If you select JSON rather than XML in the “Response content type” drop-down box, the response’s format will be shown in JSON.)

   

   Important: The Petstore is a functioning API, and you have actually created a pet. You now need to take responsibility for your pet and begin feeding and caring for it! All joking aside, most users don’t realize they’re playing with real data when they execute responses in an API (especially when using their own API key). This test data may be something you have to wipe clean when you transition from exploring and learning about the API to eventually using the API for production use.

Verify that your pet was created

1. Expand the GET /pet/{petId} endpoint.
2. Click Try it out.
3. Enter the pet ID you used in the previous operation. (If you forgot it, look back in the POST Pet endpoint to check the value.)
4. Click Execute. You should see your pet’s name returned in the Response section.

Some sample Swagger UI doc sites

Before we get into this Swagger tutorial with another API (other than the Petstore demo), check out a few Swagger implementations:

• Reverb
• VocaDB
• Watson Developer Cloud
• The Movie Database API
• Zomato API

Some of these sites look the same, but others, such as The Movie Database API and Zomato, have been integrated seamlessly into the rest of their documentation website.

Looking at the examples, you’ll notice the documentation is short and sweet in a Swagger implementation. This brevity is because the Swagger display is meant to be an interactive experience where you can try out calls and see responses — using your own API key to see your own data. It’s the learn-by-doing-and-seeing-it approach. Also, Swagger UI only covers the reference topics of your documentation. The conceptual topics are usually covered in a separate guide.

Activity: Create a Swagger UI display with an OpenAPI spec document

In this activity, you’ll create a Swagger UI display for an OpenAPI specification document. If you’re using one of the pre-built OpenAPI files, you can see a demo of what we’ll build here: OpenWeatherMap Swagger UI.

First, you’ll make sure you can view Swagger locally. Then you’ll switch the Petstore OpenAPI document URL with an OpenWeatherMap OpenAPI document URL.

1. Go to the Swagger UI GitHub project.

2. Click Clone or download, and then click Download ZIP. Download the files to a convenient location on your computer and extract the files.

   The only folder you’ll be working with in the downloaded zip is the dist folder (short for distribution). Everything else is used only if you’re recompiling the Swagger files, which is beyond the scope of this tutorial. (If desired, you can drag the dist folder out of the swagger-ui-master folder so that it stands alone.)

3. In your Chrome browser, press Cmd+O (Mac) or Ctrl+O (Windows), browse to the dist folder, and select the index.html file,

   You should see the Petstore Swagger content. Now you’ll customize the OpenAPI spec file with another file.

4. Inside your dist folder, open index.html in a text editor such as Sublime Text.

5. Look for the following code:

   url: "http://petstore.swagger.io/v2/swagger.json",
   

6. Change the url value to an online web URL to your Swagger file. For example: https://idratherbewriting.com/learnapidoc/docs/rest_api_specifications/openapi_openweathermap.yml. Then save the file.

   If the url reference isn’t to an online URL, Swagger UI will create an CORS (cross-origin resource sharing) error. To view Swagger UI with a local OpenAPI file, you can run a simple Python server locally to simulate a web server (this requires you to install Python).

7. Refresh the index.html file in your Chrome browser. The content should show the OpenWeatherMap API content instead of Swagger Petstore content.

   When you’re ready to publish your Swagger UI file, you just upload the dist folder (or whatever you want to call it) to a web server and go to the index.html file. For example, if you called your directory dist (leaving it unchanged), you would go to http://myserver.com/dist/.

   For more instructions in working with Swagger UI, see the Swagger.io docs.

Activity: View local OpenAPI file in Swagger UI

In order to view a local OpenAPI file (rather than an OpenAPI file hosted on a web server), you’ll need to run an HTTP server on your computer. This is because CORS (cross-origin resource sharing) security restrictions in Chrome will block Swagger UI from running. Swagger UI needs to load on a web server to fulfill the security requirements.

You can create a local web server running on your computer through Python’s SimpleHTTPServer module. Mac has a system version of Python installed by default, but Windows computers will need to install Python.

Windows: Run the Python simple HTTP server

1. Download and install Python 3x.

   When you install Python, be sure to select the check box that says “Add Python 3.7 to PATH.” This check box isn’t selected by default. If you don’t select it, your command prompt won’t recognize the word “python”.

   

2. After installing Python, close your command prompt and reopen it.

3. In your command prompt, browse to the Swagger UI dist directory.

   To browse in the Windows command prompt, type cd <folder name> to move into the folder. Type cd .. to move up a directory. Type dir to see a list of the current directory’s contents.

   If you’re having trouble locating the dist directory in the command prompt, try this trick: type cd, press the spacebar, and then drag the dist folder directly into the command prompt. The path will be printed automatically.

4. After you’ve navigated into the dist folder, launch the server:

   python3 -m http.server
   

   If this command doesn’t work, try it without the 3:

   python -m http.server
   

   The server starts:

   Serving HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 8000 (http://0.0.0.0:8000/) ...
   

   (If your Command Prompt doesn’t recognize python, then you probably need to add Python to your PATH. Instructions for doing that are outside the scope of this tutorial.)

5. Copy the http://0.0.0.0:8000/ path and paste it into your address bar. This address lets you view the local web server.

   By default, web servers default to the index.html file in the directory, so it will show the Swagger UI file automatically. If the browser doesn’t direct to index.html, add it manually: http://0.0.0.0:8000//index.html.

   To stop the server, press Ctrl+C in your command prompt. If you closed your Command Prompt before stopping the service, type ps, find the process ID, then type kill -9 <process ID>.

Mac: Run the Python simple HTTP server

1. In your terminal, browse to the Swagger UI dist directory.

   To browse in your terminal, type cd <folder name> to move into the folder. Type cd .. to move up a directory. Type ls to see a list of the current directory’s contents.

   If you’re having trouble locating the dist directory in the command prompt, try this trick: type cd, press the spacebar, and then drag the dist folder directly into the command prompt. The path will be printed automatically.

2. Since Mac already has Python, you can just run the following in your terminal to launch simple server:

   python -m http.server
   

   If this command doesn’t work, try it with the 3 in case you already have Python3 installed:

   python3 -m http.server
   

   The server starts:

   Serving HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 8000 (http://0.0.0.0:8000/) ...
   

3. Copy the http://0.0.0.0:8000/ path and paste it into your address bar. This address lets you view the local web server.

   By default, web servers default to the index.html file in the directory, so it will show the Swagger UI file automatically. If the browser doesn’t direct to index.html, add it manually: http://0.0.0.0:8000//index.html.

   To stop the server, press Ctrl+C in your command prompt. If you closed your Command Prompt before stopping the service, type ps, find the process ID, then type kill -9 <process ID>.

For more details on using the Python simple server, see How do you set up a local testing server? for more details.

Customize the OpenAPI file

By default, SwaggerUI has the Petstore OpenAPI document configured in the url parameter in the index.html file. You need to swap in your local file instead.

1. Download the following OpenAPI document (right-click the link and save the YAML file to your desktop.): https://idratherbewriting.com/learnapidoc/docs/rest_api_specifications/openapi_openweathermap.yml

2. Drag your OpenAPI specification file, openapi_openweathermap.yml, into the dist folder. Your file structure should look as follows:

   ├── dist
   │   ├── favicon-16x16.png
   │   ├── favicon-32x32.png
   │   ├── index.html
   │   ├── oauth2-redirect.html
   │   ├── swagger-ui-bundle.js
   │   ├── swagger-ui-bundle.js.map
   │   ├── swagger-ui-standalone-preset.js
   │   ├── swagger-ui-standalone-preset.js.map
   │   ├── swagger-ui.css
   │   ├── swagger-ui.css.map
   │   ├── swagger-ui.js
   │   ├── swagger-ui.js.map
   │   ├── swagger30.yml
   │   └── openapi_openweathermap.yml
   

3. Inside your dist folder, open index.html in a text editor such as Sublime Text.

4. Look for the following code:

   url: "http://petstore.swagger.io/v2/swagger.json",
   

5. Change the url value from http://petstore.swagger.io/v2/swagger.json to a relative path to your YAML file, and then save the file. For example:

   url: "openapi_openweathermap.yml",
   

6. View the index.html file locally in your browser using the Python simple server. For example, go to http://0.0.0.0:8000/ or http://0.0.0.0:8000/index.html.

   If you go to the file path, such as file:///Users/aiegoo/Downloads/dist/index.html, you’ll see a message that says “Failed to load API definition” note in the JavaScript Console that says “URL scheme must be “http” or “https” for CORS request.” The SimpleServer simulates this http or https.

7. To stop the Python simpler server, press Ctrl+C in your terminal or command prompt.

Configuring Swagger UI parameters

Swagger UI provides various configuration parameters (unrelated to the OpenAPI parameters) that you can use to customize the interactive display. For example, you can set whether each endpoint is expanded or collapsed, how tags and operations are sorted, whether to show request headers in the response, whether to include the Models section after the list of endpoints, and more.

We won’t get too much into the details of these configuration parameters in the tutorial. I just want to call attention to these parameters here for awareness.

If you look at the source of my Swagger UI demo (go to View > Source), you’ll see the parameters listed in the // Build a system section:

  // Build a system
const ui = SwaggerUIBundle({
  url: "openapi_openweathermap.yml",
  dom_id: '#swagger-ui',
  defaultModelsExpandDepth: -1,
  deepLinking: true,
  presets: [
    SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis,
    SwaggerUIStandalonePreset
  ],
  plugins: [
    SwaggerUIBundle.plugins.DownloadUrl
  ],
  layout: "StandaloneLayout"
})

The parameters there (e.g., deepLinking, dom_id, etc.) are defaults. However, I’ve added defaultModelsExpandDepth: -1 to hide the “Models” section at the bottom of the Swagger UI display (because I think that section is unnecessary).

You can also learn about the Swagger UI configuration parameters in the Swagger documentation.

Challenges with Swagger UI

As you explore Swagger UI, you may notice a few limitations:

• There’s not much room to describe in detail the workings of the endpoints. If you have several paragraphs of details and gotchas about a parameter, it’s best to link out from the description to another page in your docs. The OpenAPI spec provides a way to link to external documentation in both the paths object, the info object, and the externalDocs object
• The Swagger UI looks mostly the same for each API. You can customize Swagger UI with your own branding, but it will some more in-depth UX skills. It is, however, relatively easy to change the color and image in the top navigation bar.
• The Swagger UI might be a separate site from your other documentation. This separate output means that in your regular docs, you’ll probably need to link to Swagger as the reference for your endpoints. You don’t want to duplicate your parameter descriptions and other details in two different sites. See Integrating Swagger UI with the rest of your docs for strategies on unifying your reference docs and user guide.

Troubleshooting issues with Swagger UI

When you’re setting up Swagger UI, you might run into some issues. The following issues are the most common:

CORS issues:

If you have security correctly configured, but the requests are rejected, it could be due to a CORS (cross-origin resource sharing) issue. CORS is a security measure that websites implement to make sure other scripts and processes cannot take their content through requests from remote servers. See CORS Support in Swagger UI’s documentation for details.

If the requests aren’t working, open your browser’s JavaScript console when you make the request and see if the error relates to cross-origin requests. If this is the error, ask your developers to enable CORS on the endpoints. (To open the JavaScript Console, on Chrome on a Mac, go to View > Developer > Javascript Console; on Windows, click the menu button (vertical ellipses) and go to More tools > Developer tools. Then click the Console tab.)

Host URL issues:

The host for your test server might be another reason that requests are rejected. Some APIs (like Aeris Weather) require you to create an App ID that is based on the host URL where you’ll be executing requests. If the host URL you registered is http://mysite.com, but you’re submitting the test from https://editor.swagger.io/, the API server will reject the requests.

If you need help, the Swagger Google Group is a helpful resource for troubleshooting.

Embedding Swagger UI within an existing site

In addition to publishing your Swagger UI output as a standalone site, you can also embed the Swagger file within an existing site. See the following:

• Standalone Swagger UI Demo
• Embedded Swagger UI Demo

Since the Swagger UI site is responsive, it resizes well to fit into most any space. Even so, embedding Swagger into an existing site still looks like a website within a website.

Key terms

Swagger

Refers to API tooling related to the OpenAPI spec. Some of these tools include Swagger Editor, Swagger UI, Swagger Codegen, SwaggerHub, and others. These tools are managed by Smartbear. For more tools, see Swagger Tools. “Swagger” was the original name of the OpenAPI spec, but the name was later changed to OpenAPI to reinforce the open, non-proprietary nature of the standard. People sometimes refer to both names interchangeably (especially on older web pages), but “OpenAPI” is how the spec should be referred to. For more on naming conventions between OpenAPI and Swagger, see What Is the Difference Between Swagger and OpenAPI?.

OpenAPI

The official name for the OpenAPI specification. The OpenAPI specification provides a set of properties that can be used to describe your REST API. When valid, the specification document can be used to create interactive documentation, generate client SDKs, run unit tests, and more. You can read the specification details on GitHub at https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification. Under the Open API Initiative with the Linux Foundation, the OpenAPI specification aims to be vendor neutral (many companies steer its development, not just one).

Swagger Editor

An online editor that validates your OpenAPI document against the rules of the OpenAPI specification. The Swagger Editor will flag errors and give you formatting tips. See Swagger Editor.

Swagger UI

An open-source web framework (on GitHub) that parses an OpenAPI specification document and generates an interactive documentation website. Swagger UI is the tool that transforms your spec into the Petstore-like site.

Swagger Codegen

Generates client SDK code for a lot of different platforms (such as Java, JavaScript, Scala, Python, PHP, Ruby, Scala, and more). The client SDK code helps developers integrate your API on a specific platform and provides for more robust implementations that might include more scaling, threading, and other necessary code. In general, SDKs are toolkits for implementing the requests made with an API. Swagger Codegen generates the client SDKs in nearly every programming language. See Swagger Codegen for more information. See also SDKs.